Study: Efficient new catalyst may pave way for hydrogen economy

Mainstream catching up (very slow)...from the 1950's even cheaper and far more effective catalyst - made glaringly obvious in 1989 by Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann 

Study: Efficient new catalyst may pave way for hydrogen economyby Brooks HaysMadison, Wis. (UPI) Sep 14, 2015

disclaimer: image is for illustration purposes only

Many researchers continue to hold hope for an eco-friendly hydrogen economy -- a comprehensive energy-delivery industry based on hydrogen.

Hydrogen can be burned to create heat or used in fuel cells to make electricity. It is also an efficient way to store energy. And unlike fossil fuels, which give off harmful emissions when burned, water is hydrogen's only byproduct.

But like so many other alternative energy panaceas, the technology remains prohibitively expensive. Oxidation-resistant noble metals, like platinum, which are used in water splitting devices, are rare and expensive -- limiting hydrogen's potential as alternative fuel source.

Catalysts are substances which lower the amount of energy necessary to initiate chemical reactions.

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin have discovered a cheap and efficient alternative to the use of noble gases as a catalyst in hydrogen production -- a combination of phosphorus and sulfur (common elements) and cobalt, a metal 1,000 times cheaper than the cheapest noble metals.

Because electricity is currently used to split water and produce hydrogen, some have questioned the true environmental benefits of a hydrogen economy. But engineers have been improving hydrogen-making technologies that use solar energy for water-splitting.

Researchers at Wisconsin say their new catalyst also works with sunlight-powered water-splitting devices.

"We have demonstrated a proof-of-concept device for using this cobalt catalyst and solar energy to drive hydrogen generation, which also has the best reported efficiency for systems that rely only on inexpensive catalysts and materials to convert directly from sunlight to hydrogen," Song Jin, a chemistry professor at Wisconsin, said in a press release.

Since the accidental discovery of hydrogen and oxygen production by sunlight alone, a byproduct of a certain mining process in the 1950s, mainstream is finally catching up to 'field' applications.  

 Solar Hydrogen Economy

Water and Sunlight plus (?) the formula for sustainable fuel. 

One step closer  "Band theory is a quantum theory developed in the first half of the 20th century to explain the electrical properties of substances. The theory is based on the idea of quantum energy states. Electrons in a substance either have both sufficient energy and free transition and, thus, are able to enter the zone of conductivity, or they do not, in which case it becomes what researchers call a "forbidden zone."

At the same time, preliminary estimates indicate that this effect is capable of opening a new path to faster computers. Motto transition occurs under the influence of several factors, including a magnetic field, which allows it to be controlled from outside. This makes it possible for researchers to permit current flow or to stop it at a necessary point. Such a scheme could replace common transistors and, in this case, allow them to be faster and more compact. But to do so, scientists must utilize the theory of Motto transition.

The theory belongs to fundamental conceptions explaining the electrical properties of a substance. It has a direct relation not only to Motto insulator behavior but also to superconductivity and the fundamentals of spintronics, a technology that could allow the control of electron spin. Superconductivity and spintronics are among those trends ......"

First electric circuit with a magnetic insulator using spin waves

..............

Overview of Spintronics  Nassim Haramein's Page

 

Nassim Haramein

Where there is a change in density, a spiral vortex appears, which is why everything in the universe on all scales is constantly spinning. There are 122 orders of magnitude difference in the density of space from the cosmological level to the quantum level. Where this nearly infinite gradient changes, you see spin, in the form of a galaxy, a star or an atom depending on what scale you are looking at.

More on the origin of spin:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tu62gxrZm0g

Researchers use laser to levitate

‘Hot electrons’ (i.e., excited),  photoluminescence, ground states, spin, macroscopic Schrodinger Cat states, the new core paradox, Weyl fermions…………..integrate any of these, or previously pointed out new research findings across the micro, meso, macro basic fundamentals - and field propulsion, antigravity concept applications, will reveal themselves as natural as walking.

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Researchers use laser to levitate, glowing nanodiamonds in vacuumby Staff WritersRochester NY (SPX) Sep 08, 2015

A nanodiamond containing hundreds of nitrogen vacancies glows while levitated by a laser during an experiment in Nick Vamivakas' lab at the University of Rochester. The team have now continued the research to use nanodiamonds with single vacancies and to do the experiments in vacuum. They report their results in Nature Photonics. Image courtesy J. Adam Fenster/University of Rochester. For a larger version of this image please go here.

Researchers have, for the first time, levitated individual nanodiamonds in vacuum. The research team is led by Nick Vamivakas at the University of Rochester who thinks their work will make extremely sensitive instruments for sensing tiny forces and torques possible, as well as a way to physically create larger-scale quantum systems known as macroscopic Schrodinger Cat states.  While other researchers have trapped other types of nanoparticles in vacuum, those were not optically active. The nanodiamo ... read more

After 85-year search, massless particle with promise for next-generation electronics found 

Weyl fermions 

The magnetic mystery at the center of the Earth  The new core paradox.

Rice researchers demo solar water-splitting technology  "hot electrons."  

(and etcetera, the countless, previously pointed out and posted, new research findings)

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Field Propulsion 101, the Natural and Universal means of producing Kinetic Energy Differentials
.....cannot deny something is drastically wrong upon entering 24 hr nightmare traffic 

  World Renowned Physicist Explains The Reality Of “Free Energy” & How It’s Accessible

Thomas Valone - Feasibility Study of Zero-Point Energy Extraction From The Quantum Vacuum ..., FULL BOOK, 182p from Exopolitics Truth

Tom Bearden – Open Source Energy Network

 

Walter Russell – Concepts of Light

 

LOOK TO THE SIDEBAR REFERENCEING OTHER CORE GROUNBREAKERS: Paul LaViolette, Eugene Franklin Mallove, Burkhard Heim, Nikola Tesla, Moray B. King, Joseph R. Farrell, Rho Sigma, T Towsend Brown, Brian O’Leary, ….to name just a few who revealed glaring gaps in the Standard Model fundamentals……….which my mentor so seamlessly filled with a stark and unarguable simplicity   =========  

IN SUMMARY,  E=MC2, THE EXTENDED VIEW with C as the 

Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law

Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law:

• • The Quantity C: Possessing a Significance Far Greater than Attributed
  • Gravity – As Viewed Through the Radius (VC)
  • Space as Observed through the Curve of Radius Light
  • Matter and Mass – Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
  • Beyond A Uni-Dimensional Perception of TIME
  • The Nonlinearity of Physical Law
  • Definition

Get Connected: .http://getconnected.resonance.is/connect/

"Thermodynamic time runs backwards..." Beating around the bush - How much longer?

The negative component of the natural laws (space time mass matter energy gravity) continues to crop up whenever measurements with scale in-variances/energy differentials are considered between reference points, which approach and exceed the quantity C.  How much longer can one keep beating around the bush, ignoring the larger dimension/scope of E=MC2 and NOT take into account the full meaning and properties of the CONSTANT C, Light?

New law implies thermodynamic time runs backwards inside black holes 

 

The new area law states that the area of a future holographic screen (the solid blue line in [a]) is always increasing in one direction, while the area of a past holographic screen (the solid blue line in [b.]) is always increasing in a …more

(Phys.org)—Black holes are known to have many strange properties, such as that they allow nothing—not even light—to escape after falling in. A lesser known but equally bizarre property is that black holes appear to "know" what happens in the future in order to form in the first place. However, this strange property arises from the way in which black holes are defined, which has motivated some physicists to explore alternative definitions.

=========================  IN SUMMARY,  E=MC2, THE EXTENDED VIEW

The quantity C (velocity of light) is the radius of curvature of all natural law, the pivotal point upon which the natural laws become manifest, the kinetic energy equivalent of the mass energy of matter.

The Quantity C is the radius of curvature of all natural law, meaning if a differential of energy equal to this quantity exists between the observer and the point which he is observing, the natural laws will be suspended. If the energy differential is in excess of the quantity C, the laws will appear to operate in reverse at that point.  

While we have repeatedly referred to the quantity C as an energy differential, we have heretofore considered it only in terms of kinetic energy. Some may believe that it can be reached only when there is a rate of increase or decrease in the degree of spatial separation between the reference points, equal to 3x10(10) centimeters per second, or in simpler terms, a velocity equal to that of light. It is necessary therefore to point out the fact that an energy differential does not necessarily manifest itself as a velocity. It can also exist as a frequency. Our present laws of physics state that the energy level upon which an electron, a photon, or other particle exists is proportionate to its frequency. The mathematical rule is E equals Fh, where E is the energy, F is the frequency and h is a factor called Planck's constant.  We can now see that a frequency differential which by the above formula is equal to 9x10(20) ergs per gram also represents the quantity C. 

When such a frequency differential exists between the observer and the point which he is observing, we again find that the natural laws at the observed point reach zero value with respect to the observer. If the frequency differential exceeds this value, the action of the laws will become negative. A material object such as a spacecraft upon or near the surface of the earth would cease to exist as matter and would enter the plane of energy insofar as the observer on earth was concerned, but as we have previously pointed out, an observer upon or within the object, whose frequency or energy level had been raised to the same degree as that of the craft, would be unable to detect any change.

Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law:

• • The Quantity C: Possessing a Significance Far Greater than Attributed
  • Gravity – As Viewed Through the Radius (VC)
  • Space as Observed through the Curve of Radius Light
  • Matter and Mass – Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
  • Beyond A Uni-Dimensional Perception of TIME
  • The Nonlinearity of Physical Law
  • Definition

TINY Nano Scale Inroads Towards Modifying and Polarizing the Fields - gravitational, electrical, magnetic.

As current scientific probes reach further into the nanosphere and micro to meso applications, we note the below processes and interactions run fundamental throughout.

Micro  Polarization, frequencies, oscillations, resonance, spin, subwavelenghts, substitutions/conversions, Spintronics, Spin-polarized currents.  

Macro Is dark matter an illusion created by the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum?

....... all the above participants are responsible for creating changes in the condition or position of objects or points of reference or transmuting one form of energy to another  (the term ENERGY expresses as space time mass matter gravity/FIELDS) – includes and comprises all the ‘spooky’ stuff …. action at a distance, entanglement, non-locality, the uncertainty principle, simultaneity errors, wave particle duality, dark and antimatter, and so many world theories, etcetera and etcetera …..as well as the minus component of the sine wave, meaning if a differential of energy equal to the quantity C exists between the observer and the point which he is observing, the natural laws will be suspended. If the energy differential is in excess of the quantity C, the laws will appear to operate in reverse at that point.  

Strikingly standing out, we note a severe deficiency of space and time definitions and perceptions, lacking common conversion units (as energy differentials) –  WITH NO CONCEPT OR THOUGHT YET OF THE EXTENDED BOUNDARIES OF E=MC2, which framework and reveal the CURVE of all natural law, the matter to energy conversion unit – the quantity C - the Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law, defining the mathematical micro, meso, macro interactions and relationships of each, and to one another.    

A review of  The simple building blocks – ‘all in the family’ and close relatives – temperature, pressure, heat, escape velocity and solids, liquids, gases……………may assist one to dig deeper into E=MC2 and open doors to the multitude of predictable and measurable changes that occur – to the natural laws (of space time mass matter energy gravity) as energy levels between specified reference points vary along a sine wave (+/-) pattern of radius C. 

Recognition dawning yet?

“"This work demonstrates that ultra-high static pressures can force the core electrons to interplay," explains Dubrovinsky. "The ability to affect the core electrons even in such incompressible metals as osmium in static high-pressure experiments opens up exciting opportunities in searching for new states of matter."

 ”At the resonance, the particle acts as a funnel, which "grabs" the electromagnetic wave's energy from the external environment and converts it into the energy of the electronic gas oscillations. This process can be accompanied with a wide range of very interesting effects that, in principle, could be employed in various applications. "If we use the language of quantum physics while speaking about the plasmon excitation, we can say that a quantum of light, photon is converted into a quantum of plasmon oscillations.”

Record high pressure squeezes secrets out of osmiumby Staff WritersBayreuth, Germany (SPX) Aug 25, 2015

illustration only

An international team of scientists led by the University of Bayreuth and with participation of DESY has created the highest static pressure ever achieved in a lab: Using a special high pressure device, the researchers investigated the behaviour of the metal osmium at pressures of up to 770 Gigapascals (GPa) - more than twice the pressure in the inner core of the Earth, and about 130 Gigapascals higher than the previous world record set by members of the same team.
Surprisingly, osmium does not change its crystal structure even at the highest pressures, but the core electrons of the atoms come so close to each other that they can interact - contrary to what is usually known in chemistry.


'Magic' sphere for information transferby Staff WritersMoscow, Russia (SPX) Aug 25, 2015

Spheres from experiments have sizes like 1-euro and 10-russian rubles coins.

In several years - maybe in one or two decades, but maybe sooner or never - one of the existing problems will be solved in an original way: our computers, nanoantennas and other kinds of equipment will operate on the base of photons, rather than electrons. Even now we are practically prepared to accomplish this switch.
If it happens, the spheres studied by an international group of Russian, French and Spanish scientists will definitely be able to become one of the elementary components of new photonic devices. The results of the study were published in the latest issue of "Scientific Reports," which is a part of the prestigious Nature Publishing Group.

A little light interaction leaves quantum physicists beamingby Staff WritersToronto, Canada (SPX) Aug 25, 2015

illustration only

A team of physicists at the University of Toronto (U of T) have taken a step toward making the essential building block of quantum computers out of pure light. Their advance, described in a paper published this week in Nature Physics, has to do with a specific part of computer circuitry known as a "logic gate."
Logic gates perform operations on input data to create new outputs. In classical computers, logic gates take the form of diodes or transistors. But quantum computer components are made from individual atoms and subatomic particles. Information processing happens when the particles interact with one another according to the strange laws of quantum physics.



Quantum diffraction at a breath of nothingby Staff WritersVienna, Austria (SPX) Aug 27, 2015

Modern fabrication methods allow to make atomically thin nanomasks which prove to be sufficiently robust for experiments in molecular quantum optics. Image courtesy Quantennanophysik, Fakultat fur Physik, Universitat Wien; Bild-Design: Christian Knobloch. For a larger version of this image please go here.

The quantum mechanical wave nature of matter is the basis for a number of modern technologies like high resolution electron microscopy, neutron-based studies on solid state materials or highly sensitive inertial sensors working with atoms. The research in the group around Prof. Markus Arndt at the University of Vienna is focused on how one can extend such technologies to large molecules and cluster.
In order to demonstrate the quantum mechanical nature of a massive object it has to be delocalized first. This is achieved by virtue of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation: If molecules are emitted from a point-like source, they start to 'forget' their position after a while and delocalize. If you place a grating into their way, they cannot know, not even in principle, through which slit they are flying.




A new way to detect ortho-para conversion in water
by Staff WritersSouthampton, UK (SPX) Aug 27, 2015

This is supramolecular endofullerene H2O@C60. Image courtesy University of Southampton. For a larger version of this image please go here.

New research by scientists from the University of Southampton has found that water molecules react differently to electric fields, which could provide a new way to study spin isomers at the single-molecule level.
Water molecules exist in two forms or 'isomers', ortho and para, that have different nuclear spin states. In ortho-water, the nuclear spins are parallel to one another, and in para water, the spins are antiparallel. The conversion of ortho water into para-water and vice-versa is relevant to a broad range of scientific fields from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to astrophysics





================================ IN SUMMARY, THE EXTENDED VIEW

Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law:

• The Quantity C: Possessing a Significance Far Greater than Attributed
• Gravity – As Viewed Through the Radius (VC)
• Space as Observed through the Curve of Radius Light
• Matter and Mass – Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
• Beyond A Uni-Dimensional Perception of TIME
• The Nonlinearity of Physical Law
• Definition

Mind, Matter, Physical Law and the Curve Ball (Light)

Another view: Towards understanding increasingly global, holistic patterns of reality and the ease of application - partially demonstrating the required scope necessary for expanding our window to reality.

‘Molecular Changes and the Subconscious’, mind matter interactions, are more easily perceived with an extended physics’ standard model which seamlessly incorporates and unifies the very large, the very small, and the here and now, revealing the curve, the constant C, emerging, birthing from an analogous ‘flat earth’ science, to a forthcoming larger reality ‘round earth’ science version. 

Regardless, be it micro, meso, macro, the Zero point on the sine wave curve of all natural law is the meeting point of mind and matter, an instantaneous entrance to pure consciousness where all laws of motion, changes, are in abeyance, and the factors we call time and space have ceased to have any significance (always and only, energy differentials, as measured between any two or more specified reference points- nothing else has meaning).

A flat science with dislocated, separate and isolated sectors of the very large, the very small, and the here and now, (macro, micro, meso) cannot even approach a Unified Field Theory, much less understand the Nonlinearity of Physical Law, and where vibration ends and mind/consciousness begins. The linear mathematics of the physical laws in each of the scale sectors do not follow straight lines to infinity, but a curve of finite radii, a constant equivalent to the quantity C, Light – meaning, there are positions and conditions in which effect of a natural law (space time mass matter energy gravity) will reach zero value with respect to a given reference point, and that beyond these positions and conditions, the law will become negative, reversing its effect with respect to the observer.

Einstein - ‘if you examine matter closely enough it disappears, and you find nothing but a frequency of vibration’.  Nikola Tesla - 'If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration.' Zero Point - the pivotal point upon which the natural laws become manifest, the kinetic energy equivalent of the mass energy of matter.

Pathways of Mind to Matter: Physical effects and potential at the Zero Point

Science Now Says That Your Subconscious Thoughts And Beliefs Can Actually Cause Molecular Changes In Your Genes

The unified field dawns from unification of mind, matter, spirit, not dissections and deletions of some of reality’s parts.

================================ IN SUMMARY, THE EXTENDED VIEW

Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law:

• The Quantity C: Possessing a Significance Far Greater than Attributed
• Gravity – As Viewed Through the Radius (VC)
• Space as Observed through the Curve of Radius Light
• Matter and Mass – Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
• Beyond A Uni-Dimensional Perception of TIME
• The Nonlinearity of Physical Law
• Definition

Beyond the Limits: EM Drive and Natural Law

EM DRIVE: A preliminary review of extended perceptual upgrades of Natural Law required to get an EM Drive up and running:

Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations Harnessed in a Propellant-less Engine Tested by NASA; Evaluating NASA’s Futuristic EM Drive ; http://emdrive.wiki/Main_Page

Revising the erroneous assumption that the quantity C is a factor of absolute limit is an unconditional necessity. We must realize that it is a limiting factor only with respect to two given reference points, and that it is perfectly possible to conceive of a series of consecutive reference points between each two of which a differential equal to the quantity C may exist.   

• THE BIG BLINK, BLACK HOLES - BOTH MICRO & MACRO – BLINKING ON AND OFF, AT THE QUANTITY C
• THE NATURAL LAWS  - SPACE TIME MASS MATTER ENERGY GRAVITY, EQUATED TO FREQUENCY – GOVERNED BY THE QUANTITY C IN E=MC2
• LIGHT, THE QUANTITY C, THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF ALL NATURAL UNIVERSAL LAW, BEST REFLECTED AS A SINE WAVE +/- THROUGH ZERO POINT
• ON THE SINE WAVE CURVE OF +/- RADIUS C, THE NATURAL LAWS AND THE BIG BLINK COHERE

Micro, Meso, Macro unity, bounded by the quantity C, aka light, the kinetic energy equivalent of the mass energy of matter.  In short, the quantity C is the measure of the radius of curvature of natural law. It is the factor which will enable us to determine precisely the degree of change in the curvature of one law which will be brought about by a specified change in the application of the others.   It is the factor which will eventually tell us how to place our spacecraft in either the positive or negative portion of the gravitational curve with respect to the earth or any other planet which we may choose to visit.  When we state that the quantity C is the radius of the curvature of natural law, we mean simply that if a differential of energy equal to this quantity exists between the observer and the point which he is observing, the natural laws will be suspended. If the energy differential is in excess of the quantity C, the laws will appear to operate in reverse at that point.  

A reminder of the dynamics of the universe on all scales from atoms to galaxies, curling toward stillness (singularity)...Nassim Haramein is the director of research for The Resonance Project: http://resonance.is/

The universe itself obeys what is called "the Schwarzchild condition"; that is, the condition of a black hole. Karl Schwarzschild was the first person to solve Albert Einstein's field equations which predicted the existence of this area in space-time with infinite "curvature" we call black holes. Nassim Haramein has added a torque and Coriolis term to the equations, describing not only the curvature of space-time, as well the curling of it, like water going down the drain, causing everything in the universe to spin in a toroidal dynamic. When applying the math to observation made of the universe as a whole, we find that it can be described as a black hole, or what Nassim Haramein calls a black "whole"...

Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass

http://www.world-mysteries.com/doug_storehouse.htm  

 “The confining force that protons experience in the nuclei of an atom (the “so-called” strong force or strong interaction) is equivalent to the gravitational force energy that two protons would experience if they were tiny black holes attracting each other.” - Nassim Haramein   

.

Gravity:  the positive and negative charges of the protons and electrons, when united within the neutron, are not discernible as charges but exist as energy which produces the gravitational field. “……..Eventually the neutron drops into the nucleus, and 'delayed fission' occurs, again demonstrating the fact that it is not the impact of the neutron, but its presence in the nucleus, which results in its expansion.   The expansion and subsequent condensation into several simpler atoms is a completely random process.  Many simpler types of atom can, and do result from the condensation, in each case however, the smaller atoms cannot contain as many neutrons in proportion to the number of protons as the larger atom, so there are always several neutrons left over.  This phenomenon, if carefully examined and considered, will furnish several strong clues to the nature of gravity itself.”

A TINY STEP TOWARD TESLA’S WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION 

Wireless power transfer with magnetic field enhancement boosted

Research from North Carolina State University and Carnegie Mellon University shows that passing wireless power transfer through a magnetic resonance field enhancer (MRFE) - which can be as simple as a copper loop - can boost the transfer efficiency by at least 100 percent as compared to transferring through air alone. MRFE use could potentially boost transfer efficiency by as much as 5,000 percent in some systems, experts say.

Expanding the GREAT BARRIER REEF between micro, meso, macro unity.

New blow for 'supersymmetry' physics theory

In a new blow for the futuristic "supersymmetry" theory of the universe's basic anatomy, experts reported fresh evidence Monday of subatomic activity consistent with the mainstream Standard Model of particle physics. The Beauty Quark - the latest observations were "entirely consistent with the Standard Model and removes the need for this hypothesis" of an alternative theory, Guy Wilkinson, leader of LHC's "beauty experiment" told AFP. The Standard Model is the mainstream theory of all the fundamental particles that make up matter, and the forces that govern them.

But the model has weaknesses: it doesn't explain dark matter or dark energy, which jointly make up 95 percent of the universe. Nor is it compatible with Einstein's theory of general relativity—the force of gravity as we know it does not seem to work at the subatomic quantum scale.

 

Superconductor could be realized in a broken Lorenz invariant theory

Today theoretical physicists are facing the difficulty that General Relativity is not (pertubatively) renormalizable, and find that it is very hard to construct the quantum theory of gravity with LI.

================================ IN SUMMARY, THE EXTENDED VIEW

Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law:

• The Quantity C: Possessing a Significance Far Greater than Attributed
• Gravity – As Viewed Through the Radius (VC)
• Space as Observed through the Curve of Radius Light
• Matter and Mass – Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
• Beyond A Uni-Dimensional Perception of TIME
• The Nonlinearity of Physical Law
• Definition