Superbly
questioned in Neil Jacobstein’s interview on ‘Future of Jobs’, now more than
ever, energy’s critical and evolving relationship to ‘economy’ needs attention, as the scientific parameters derived from
advanced energy systems will make for a smooth transition and insure
sustainable, prosperous and continuously developing survival modes.
Pinpointing, zeroing in on the disparities hindering renovating and
streamlining the Past Due Standard Model (& interpretations) leading to a
larger viewing point of E=MC2 - in effect, the Unified Field Theory – remains
crucial.
- Number one, putting the isolated micro meso macro physics’ pieces together b-4 Humpty Dumpty Loses it completely.
- Number two, identifying relationships, nothing is segregated – all natural laws are mutually dependent upon each other, a change to one causes changes to the others – much too slowly being verified in isolated scientific segments, “People might be surprised enough to learn that heat and sound have anything to do with each other, much less that either can be controlled by magnets” – even greater the surprise that space time mass matter energy gravity-fields are completely integrated.
Contemporary Physics (version open to public) is just scratching
the surface, mainly in the nano tech domain, testing ‘relationships’ of our
natural laws: space time mass matter energy gravity-fields. Their biggest
effort will be to link the very small with the very large – an ‘as above so
below’, extremely simple viewing point conveying unsurpassed ‘self-discovery’ –
see links following
- Antigravity - conclusive evidence that the attraction, called the binding energy, which exists between the Newtonian particles, (the protons and the neutrons) is intense almost beyond our ability to describe. This force, however, does not increase uniformly with increasing mass, but at certain points not only reaches zero but actually becomes negative. We can demonstrate this fact by adding a single unit of Newtonian mass, a neutron, to the nucleus of an atom of Uranium 235. When this is done, we find that the gravitational force within the nucleus, instead of increasing actually becomes negative, that is, the attraction between its parts becomes a repulsion, and the parts begin to separate with considerable brisance.
- Any magnetic field which is changing in intensity, will create an electric field which at any given instant, is equal in amplitude opposite in sign and perpendicular to the magnetic field. If the two fields become mutually resonant, a vector force will be generated, whose direction is perpendicular to each of the other two, creating an effect similar to, and in fact identical with, a gravitational field.
- It is perfectly possible to produce a negative gravitational field between the earth and a given object on or near its surface by the proper application of moving electric charges. Such a field would be effective only with respect to the given object. All other matter in the vicinity would remain within the positive portion of the curve.
- Gravity: the positive and negative charges of the protons and electrons, when united within the neutron, are not discernible as charges but exist as energy which produces the gravitational field.
Radius of Curvature of all Natural Law:- The Quantity C: Possessing a Significance Far Greater than Attributed
- Gravity – As Viewed Through the Radius (VC)
- Space as Observed through the Curve of Radius Light
- Matter and Mass - Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass
- Beyond A Uni-Dimensional Perception of TIME
- The Nonlinearity of Physical Law
- Definitions
Without going into the controversies of the vast historical data
from the past (Pyramids, Bermuda Triangle, Coral Castle, Philadelphia
Experiment, Nazi Bell, Tesla, Electrogravitics - to name just a few surface items), we will
continue to update new macro tech and micro/nano tech discoveries from their
isolated sectors, some of which findings the more courageous are attempting to
bring into the larger ‘here and now’, meso tech application world.
Really, it’s not like a first attempt at bringing out these
advanced energy technologies, which covey more common sense/understanding than
their current (contemporary) sci-tech-math counterparts.
Magnetism, related to Heat and Sound: Landmark study proves
that magnets can control heat and sound. People might be surprised enough to learn that
heat and sound have anything to do with each other, much less that either can
be controlled by magnets, Heremans
acknowledged. But both are expressions of the same form of energy, quantum
mechanically speaking. So any force that controls one should control the other.
Sound and Heat relation to each other: This new
sound-based fire extinguisher puts out flames by dropping the bass
Sound and Levitation:
Nonlinear acoustics is a complex
field, and the physical phenomena that cause these effects can be difficult to
understand. But in general, nonlinear affects can combine to make an intense
sound far more powerful than a quieter one. It is because of these affects that
a wave's acoustic radiation pressure can become strong enough to balance the
pull of gravity.
Magnetic Options: Anti Gravity Ball by MIT Opens New Dimensions
THE MACRO INTERPRETATIONS STILL NEED A
LOT OF HELP FROM MESO, MICRO, UNIFYING SPACE – AS ABOVE SO BELOW
- Detection of mini black holes at the LHC could indicate parallel universes in extra dimensions
- Large Hadron Collider Could Detect Extra Dimensions
- New insights found in black hole collisions
- Black holes do not exist where space and time do not exist, says new theory
Gravity's
rainbow arises from attempts to develop a theory that combines both the theory
of general relativity and quantum mechanics. To
fully solve the problems related to black holes, or even the beginning of our
universe, physicists require a theory of quantum gravity. "Even
though no one has been able to discover such a theory, there are various
candidates," Ali said. "These include ideas like taking space and
time as fundamentally discrete, or using some mathematical loops as a
fundamental quantity to construct space and time, or even replacing particles
by tiny strings, and many other exotic ideas.
http://www.ovaltech.ca/ (Some old terms, but great initial recognition
of relationships.)
- Mass is a measure of
electromagnetic and kinetic energy.
- A change in mass is a change in
kinetic energy.
- A change in the kinetic energy is
a change in mass.
- A static electric field must
start and end on a mass.
- A static magnetic field starts
and ends on a mass.
- A change in kinetic energy will
not always produce a change in the electromagnetic field.
- A changing electromagnetic field
always produces a change in kinetic energy.
- A changing magnetic field
produces an electric field.
- A changing electric field produces
a magnetic field.
- Gravity is due to kinetic energy
and mass
- An electromagnetic field always
has gravity, because it has kinetic energy
"V x S+(0.5)o/dt(B^2+E^2)-E x (E-V x B )= 0
This means that
interesting energy and momentum flows are expected for E x E tarms and E x V x
B terms. In other words, where the electric fields are rapidly changing or
where there is a curI (rotation) of the magnetic field reacting with electric
fields. (The electric field should be perpendicular to the axis of rotation.)
These areas have been exactly where anomalous experimental claims have
occurred. The E x E term will be considered in the Biefield-Brown discussion
for charging capacitors. The curl term is curious. It may be an expression that
may come to bear in rapidly rotating systems of magnets. Notice a rnpidly
rotating magnet reacts somewhat like a charge. The E x V x B term is a triple
scalar product. It is the same as the divergence of the Poynting vector( S
)."
Using
a wormhole, as in System Two, the
spaceship does not even need to travel through the intervening space between
the two points. Rather than the present concept of teleportation, in which
objects are dematerialized, transmitted and then rematerialized, a wormhole is
much simpler. With this interstellar system, two points in the universe can be
made to exist simultaneously in the same Space/Time, and your destination is
chosen merely by deciding which point you wish to exist in, or travelling from
one side to the other. So the complex structure of the actual vehicle is
maintained because no dematerialization occurs. The vehicle would need to
manipulate space and time into a wormhole, thus changing the distance and time
between the two points. The field of the vehicle could focus energy in order to
react more strongly with the harmonics of the destination space and thus draw
it closer.
Frequencies, fields,
relationships everywhere
NEW
GALAXIES
The
Birth of a New Galaxy
At this point in our progress
of understanding, we shall embark upon a most ambitious journey. We are going
out into space. Into the remotest depths of inter galactic space, so that we
may observe, at close range, the birth processes of a new star cluster or
'Galaxy.' We will take along our consciousness, our ability to observe, and our
understanding. We must, of course, leave our bodies behind, since they would
not fare well in space, and also because their mass would create a
gravitational field which would tend to alter the natural conditions at our
point of observation. We will seek a spot which is at least a few million light
years distant from any other galaxy or accumulation of matter; for it is only
within these remote areas that we may observe the birth process of a new galaxy.
In the first part of
this book, we discussed the almost inconceivably large number of particles
which are found in each cubic inch of our atmosphere at sea level. As we move
outward from the earth's surface we find that the number of particles diminishes
rapidly, but still remains surprisingly large. When we have reached a height of
one hundred miles we find that there are only about one millionth as many
particles per cubic inch as we found at the surface, this is a density of
matter so minute that we require very sensitive instruments, even to detect its
existence. Yet, if we count the individual particles, we will find that there
are still about 400 million, million particles in each cubic inch of space. At
a few hundred miles elevation the density has diminished another million times,
and we say that we have entered 'space', yet there are still many millions of
particles per cubic inch.
We come to the startling
realization that there simply is no such thing as 'empty space.' Astronomers
have estimated that even in the remotest depths of intergalactic space, (which
is our destination on this trip) there will still be found from twenty five to
seventy five or more nuclear or atomic particles per cubic inch. Most of
these particles are protons, or simple atoms which have attained escape
velocity from the surfaces of some star, and which may have been wandering
aimlessly about, perhaps for billions of years, coming into occasional
collision with ocher particles, but usually with sufficient relative velocity
so that mutual capture could not take place.
In the vicinity of
existing galaxies, the gravitational fields created by the innumerable stars
within those galaxies, tend to draw in the random particles, many of which
eventually fall into one or another of the stars, and thereby assist somewhat
in replenishing the mass which each star is constantly converting into energy.
We must, therefore, seek a spot which is remote from any of the existing
galaxies, and approximately equidistant from the nearer ones. Even in this
remote area of space we will find countless numbers of particles of matter,
anti-units of charge; electrons, protons or simple atoms, which have achieved
escape velocity from some star, or which have been formed in space by random
approach and capture. In short, we have all of the building blocks of nature,
present in an exceedingly tenuous and diffuse state.
Since each of the
particles of matter has mass, each has a force of attraction existing between
it and every other particle of matter in the area. If we accept the concept of
the non-linearity of natural law as previously outlined in this text, we find
that each of these particles is also being repelled slightly by the surrounding
galaxies or galactic clusters
These forces are almost
inconceivably small, yet the net result of their action is to create a tendency
upon the part of each randomly moving particle to move ever closer to the
center of the area of attraction, which is also approximately but not exactly
the center or 'null balance' point of the repulsion of the surrounding
galaxies.
We will assume that we
have now reached the point from which we will observe the birth of our new
galaxy. This point is at the center of a sphere of space, perhaps thirty
thousand light years in diameter, within which the final concentration of
matter will take place.
We must be prepared to
exercise a great deal of patience, because the forces involved, and the
resulting accelerations are so minute that many millions of years will probably
elapse before we can detect any significant increase in the number of particles
per unit of volume. Nevertheless, all of the particles within several hundreds
of thousands of light years are slowly but surely acquiring a velocity in our
direction.
As the concentration of
matter at the center of our system increases, the intensity of its field will
also increase and will add, not only to the velocity, but also to the
acceleration of the inward moving particles. We are observing the condensation
of a tremendously large volume of exceedingly ratified gas into a relatively
small volume.
Let us assume that one
hundred million years have passed since we first occupied our point of
observation at the center of the newly forming galaxy. All of the particles
within some thousands of light years have now acquired a very respectable
velocity in our direction, and the density of the gas surrounding us is
increasing with comparative rapidity. We observe however, that the particles
are not falling directly toward the central point of the condensation.
We can understand this
if we realize that the center or null point of the force of repulsion is
determined only by the distribution and the distance of the surrounding
galaxies, while the center of the force of attraction is determined by the
distribution of matter within the area of condensation. Since the center of
'push' is not at the same point as the center of 'pull', there is a tendency
toward the creation of an angular velocity. That is, the particles, instead of
falling directly toward the center, will tend to spiral inward. Eventually this
rotational motion will become general throughout the mass.
The plane in which this
spin begins is determined by the location of the existing galaxies and the
relative density of particles in different parts of the condensing mass, but
once begun, the motion tends constantly to increase as the condensation
proceeds. The particles which are upon either side of the central plane of spin
tend to fall toward the plane as well as toward the center, while those
particles which are nearly perpendicular to the center of the plane of spin
rend to fall inward more rapidly because of their smaller rotational
velocities.
Our gas cloud now begins
to take on the shape of a disk with a somewhat oblate sphere at the center. The
galaxy has begun to assume its final shape, though as yet, there are no stars
within it nor does it emit any light. If we were to direct a large telescope on earth towards this gas
cloud, we would not be able to see it at all. Since
all of the light coming from the galaxies behind it is now being absorbed, we
would see only that there was an unusually large dark area in space. We would
probably refer to it as a 'dark nebula,' a tremendous body of gas, still
somewhat rarefied according to our usual concept of gas; which emits no light,
but which does absorb, and convert to lower frequencies, almost all of the
light, and other forms of radiant energy which reach it from the countless
radiating stars throughout the universe.
As the nebula continues
to contract, areas of comparatively high density will develop in many parts of
the mass. Each of these points will become a local center of gravity, and
accelerated condensation will occur towards these points. The gas cloud now
becomes broken up into a multitude of individual spheres, each of which
continues to condense upon its own center, just as a cloud condenses into
myriads of tiny water droplets.
Let us now direct our
attention to one of these 'droplets' which is eventually to become a star in
our new galaxy. It is still several millions of miles in diameter, but
shrinking rapidly. As the gas cloud condenses, the energy which it contains,
becomes concentrated. The particles which while they were drifting about in
space, had almost infinitely long 'mean free paths, now come into more and more
frequent and more and more violent collisions.
The temperature of the
mass constantly rises. The kinetic energy which the particles have been
building up during the millions of years while they were accelerating toward
the common center, is now being converted into thermal energy. Eventually the
mass begins to emit photons having frequencies in the visible portion of the
spectrum. We can now say that the star has been 'born', although it may still
have more resemblance to a nebula, than to a star. A great deal more
contraction will take place before the internal pressure of the gas begins to
balance the gravitational force.
The star which we have
chosen for observation is one of the millions which are forming within the
central portion of the nebula. Since the nebula was created by the gradual
inward movement of particles from an immense volume of space, it is apparent
that it is within the spherical area at the center that the gas will first
achieve a density sufficient for the process of condensation into separate
stars to begin.
By this time the entire
nebula has acquired a fairly uniform rotation about its center of mass. The
individual stars, during their condensation, will of course retain this rotation
but will also develop a rotational motion about their own center of gravity. As
the gas at the core of the new star becomes denser, the gravitational field
becomes more and more intense, and the surrounding matter falls, with ever
increasing rapidity toward the center. Most of the gas which, even during the
dark nebula stage, occupied dozens of cubic light years, of space, now is
compressed into a sphere only a few million miles in diameter.
Earlier in this text we
observed that the temperature of a given gas will be inversely proportionate to
the volume which that gas occupies, so long as the total thermal energy
contained remains the same. The gas which we are observing is now billions of
times more densely packed than it was when the condensation began, and the
temperature has risen from a fraction of a degree absolute, to several millions
of degrees. This temperature continues to rise as the high kinetic energy which
the incoming particles have acquired during their long fall, is converted into
thermal energy as those particles impact the randomly moving particles at the
surface of the star.
The condensation of the
star, from the dark nebula to its present state of development has been
comparatively rapid, only a few million years being required for the process.
Most of the matter available to the star has now formed into a fairly compact
spheroid, and comparatively little new matter is arriving at the surface.
As the mass continues to
contract, the temperature within the body of the star continues to rise, but
because of the tremendous amount of radiant energy which is now escaping from
the surface, its temperature will remain far below that of the interior.
The star is now a member
of the class which Walter Baade, then a member of the Mount Wilson Observatory
staff, named Population I, a blue white star with a surface temperature of the
order of 30,000 degrees absolute, and an internal temperature of several
millions of degrees. It is emitting light and heat energy at a rate much
greater than can be replaced by the comparatively small amount of material
which is still falling into it from the nebular cloud.
If the life process of
the star ended here, its period of luminescence would be very short. Within a
few thousands of years, the surface temperature would begin to fall below the
point of incandescence and the star would appear as a dull red body. The
continuing contraction of its mass might maintain the star in this condition
for a few thousands of years more, but eventually the surface would become
almost entirely dark, and a liquid or solid crust would probably begin to form.
We know, however, even
from our relatively short history of astronomical observations, that the active
period of a star is much greater than this. Let us, therefore, return to our
nuclear scale of observation to determine the source from which the star
receives its continuing supply of energy.
We must remember that
much of the matter which forms our new star, consists of atoms which, eons ago,
escaped from the surface of some other star. Since the atom of normal
hydrogen (1H1) is the lightest of the atom family, it
will acquire, at a given energy level, a greater velocity than any other atom,
and since velocity is the principal factor in the escape of atoms from the
gravitational field of a star, we would assume that most of the particles to be
found in open space would be hydrogen atoms.
The new, star, which is
simply a condensation of these particles, would also be assumed to consist
principally of hydrogen. This fact, which we can predict from our simple study
of the behavior of atomic particles, has been verified many times by
spectrographic analysis of the newer stars in presently existing galaxies.
Let us examine the
interior of the star, to see if we can discover the source of its great energy
supply. (Since we left our bodies at home when we embarked upon this
extra-galactic tour, we will not be unduly inconvenienced by the high
temperatures and pressures which exist in the regions in which we must conduct
our observations.)
As we approach the star,
we first pass through a region which, in the case of our sun, we call the
corona. It is the area about a star where the incoming particles first meet
resistance in their long fall. The corona is a belt of exceedingly tenuous gas
whose particles have random motions. This layer of gas is much like the upper
layers of the earth's atmosphere except that its temperature is very much
higher. We must remember that the tremendous gravitational field of the star is
attracting particles from all parts of the space surrounding it, and that they
acquire very high velocities. As they fall through the star's outer layer of
gas, sooner or later, each falling particle comes into direct collision with a
particle of the corona gas. The linear kinetic energy is converted to radiant
energy of high intensity. We observe temperatures of one trillion degrees
Fahrenheit and more. The gas is, however, so ratified that the total amount of
heat created per unit volume of space is small compared to the much greater
quantities of energy which are being radiated from lower levels.
After we have descended
through the corona, we encounter another layer of gas, much denser than the gas
of the corona. This layer we will call the photosphere, because it is within
this layer that most of the visible light which the star radiates, is created.
Here the temperature, as measured by the activity of the particles, is much
lower, only about 11,000 degrees F, yet the gas is so much denser that the
energy contained per unit volume, is many times greater than that of the
corona.
The photosphere is
essentially the receiving and shipping department of the star, receiving great
quantities of energy from deeper levels, and radiating that energy into space
in a never ending stream.
As we descend deeper
into the body of the star, we find that the temperature and the pressure
constantly increase. This means, of course, that as the gas becomes denser, the
mean free path of the particles is becoming shorter, and their velocity is ever
increasing. The frequency and violence with which the particles impact each
other becomes almost impossible to describe or imagine.
As we approach the
central core of the star, we find temperatures upward of twenty millions of
degrees, and pressures in the billions of pounds per square inch. Although the
material is still technically a gas, because all of the particles have
velocities greater than their escape velocity from each other, its density is
now about ten times that of solid steel.
If we remember that in
our atmosphere at 32°F and only 14.7 lbs. per square inch, the average particle
has a velocity of 1760 feet per second, and undergoes five billion collisions
per second, it may give us some faint comprehension of the number and violence
of the collisions which take place between the particles deep within the body
of a star.
We see that the shell of
force which the planetary electrons create about the nucleus, is not sufficient
to withstand impacts of this order, and the nucleus is soon stripped of its
planetary electrons. When the bare nuclei impact other bare nuclei at this
energy level we see that fusion of the two may, and frequently does take place.
The fusion of two nuclei
results in the formation of a single nucleus which has a mass slightly smaller
than that of the two parts from which it was created. The mass which is lost,
appears as a tremendous burst of radiant energy, most of which subsequently is
converted to heat. We note that this fusion or joining together of nuclear
particles may occur in a number of ways, but in every case where the resultant
nucleus has a mass smaller than the mass of the atom of silver, large
quantities of heat will be released as a result of the combination.
We also observe that
when the mass of the resultant nucleus is greater than the mass of an atom of
silver, a large quantity of energy is absorbed rather than radiated, but this
event occurs so infrequently that only an insignificant amount of energy is
thus subtracted from the total. It is this energy of fusion which constantly
replaces that which is being radiated into space from the surface of the star.
The process of fusion
also gradually builds up heavier elements from the hydrogen building blocks
which were the principal material of the new star. Consequently we would assume
that the life expectancy of a given star is determined largely by the amount of
hydrogen which it has available for fusion.
If the principal subject
of our study were astronomy rather than the larger field of cosmology, we might
devote several chapters to the examination of the inherent stabilities and
instabilities which affect the process of fusion within a star. If we had a few
billion years to spare, we might watch the infant as it changed slowly from a
medium sized blue white star, to a somewhat smaller and denser white, until the
ever increasing instabilities of the nuclear reactions within it finally
overcame the stabilizing factors, and the entire star suddenly erupted in the
tremendous blast of inconceivable energy which we call a nova.
After a few months we
would see all of the material which had not been blasted irretrievably into
space, slowly settle back into a very small and exceedingly dense core which we
would describe as a red dwarf.
Since we have already
spent many millions of years in this observational expedition, perhaps it is
time for us to consider returning to earth. After all, there are many
interesting things going on there too!
Before we leave,
however, there is one more pattern of development which we should observe
because it is, to our own egos at least, the most important of all.
In the star which we
have been observing, the condensation took place in a symmetrical manner, with
the result that a single sphere was formed. If we had been able to observe all
of the stellar condensations simultaneously, we would have observed that in
approximately one out of four or five cases, the condensation did not proceed
symmetrically. The reason for this is found in the position and size of
neighboring condensations.
As in the case of the
galactic nebula, the stellar gas cloud also begins to rotate as it condenses,
and again a plane of spin is created. The particles outside this plane of spin
tend to fall toward the plane as well as toward the center. As the rate of spin
increases, the gas at some distance from the center, approaches orbital
velocity with respect to that center. In simpler words, the centrifugal force
tends to balance the gravitational pull of the central mass, and secondary
centers of condensation are formed which are in orbit about the principal mass.
These secondary condensations are usually very small in proportion
to the main mass, just as the main mass is small in proportion to the galaxy.
(In extreme cases, the
condensing cloud may divide into two or more roughly equal parts, each of which
becomes a separate star, but which then arc in rotation about a common center
of gravity. It is in the smaller condensations however, that we are
particularly interested at this point.)
These smaller bodies
which, in the case of our solar system, we have named 'planets,' will always be
found to contain a much larger proportion of the heavier atoms, than will be
found in the body of the star.
The reasons for this
fact become obvious from our previous examination of atomic behavior. In the
first place, we have seen that the lighter atom has a higher velocity at a
given temperature, and so will reach escape velocity from a given body at a
lower temperature. The condensations which result in planetary bodies, being
comparatively small, do not reach the very high temperatures found in the stars, but they do reach temperatures
sufficiently high to cause most of the lighter particles to reach escape
velocity from the relatively small gravitational field.
Because
the body is small, and the temperature low, such nuclear reactions as may occur
under these circumstances do not furnish sufficient energy to replace that
which is radiated, and the planet soon begins to cool.
A
solid crust forms upon the surface, and the elements begin to combine in
countless molecular patterns. When the surface has reached a sufficiently low
temperature, the stage is set for the creation of the amino-acids which are
generally conceded to be the starting point in the development of the organic
forms to which we refer collectively as 'life'. The process is a delicate one,
and only a small percentage of the planets may develop conditions suitable for
this type of synthesis. It is also possible that the process may take place
upon only a small percentage of those planets which do have suitable
conditions. Yet, among the tens of billions of planets in a single galaxy, it
is a virtual certainty, from a statistical standpoint, that synthesis will
occur upon at least a few hundred, or perhaps a few thousand planets. (If we
assume that the creation of life is directed by Divine Will, then the number
might be much larger.) If we wished to follow the development of these first
life forms through all of the stages of evolution required to produce a sentient
being, we might have to wait for a period of time as long as that required for
the formation of the galaxy, but eventually such a genus would appear. A race
of beings capable of originating complex thought patterns, followed by equally
complex actions.
Sooner
or later, such a race would tire of its confinement upon a single planet, and
would seek means to broaden the scope of its investigations, and of its
movements. Having achieved space travel, the race would proceed to radiate in
all directions from its point of origin, investigating many planets, and
perhaps colonizing some of those which were suitable for life but upon which
life had not yet developed.
We
must recall at this point, that it is the central spheroid of the galaxy which
is formed first. It is in the central portion, that planets would first reach
conditions suitable for life, and it is upon these planets that life would
first achieve a high degree of development. Intelligent life might therefore be
said to radiate from the center of a galaxy outward toward the periphery. A
process which might take place over a period of several millions of years after
the first race had achieved space travel.
It
is with this thought, and in a very humble frame of mind that we begin our
return journey to our tiny planet earth; located almost on the extreme outer
edge of our own galaxy.
